Uptime Report Research · Identity Security

MFA Statistics 2026: Only 1 in 9 Online Services Supports Phishing-Resistant Sign-In

MFA statistics from our count of 2,571 online services in the open 2FA Directory: 73.9% offer some form of multi-factor authentication, but only 10.9% (280) support a phishing-resistant method, a hardware security key or a passkey. SMS remains the common fallback: 45.8% of services with MFA accept a text or voice code, including 61% of those that also offer keys.

10.9%support a security key or passkey (280 of 2,571)
61%of those still accept an SMS or voice code (170 of 280)
73.9%offer any MFA at all (1,901 services)
45.8%of services with MFA accept SMS or voice as a method
26.1%offer no MFA (670 services)

Passkey 9.8%Security key 1.1%App or OTP token 50.4%SMS, voice or email only 12.6%No MFA 26.1%

All 2,571 services by the strongest method each one offers. Data sourced from 2FA Directory by 2factorauth, joined to the Passkeys Directory, retrieved October 15, 2026.

The support matrix: strongest method by category

Most published MFA statistics are survey answers about whether people or companies switched MFA on. This page measures the other side: what services let you use. We downloaded every entry in the 2FA Directory, a volunteer-maintained list of sites that handle money, personal data or account control, and matched it by domain to the Passkeys Directory from the same project. Each service is placed in the bar by the strongest method it documents.

PasskeySecurity keyApp or OTP tokenSMS, voice or email onlyNo MFAnUniversitiesUniversities: Passkey, 41 of 108 services (38%)38%Universities: Security key, 10 of 108 services (9%)9%Universities: App or OTP token, 45 of 108 services (42%)42%Universities: SMS, voice or email only, 1 of 108 services (1%)Universities: No MFA, 11 of 108 services (10%)10%108Identity and passwordsIdentity and passwords: Passkey, 13 of 29 services (45%)45%Identity and passwords: App or OTP token, 12 of 29 services (41%)41%Identity and passwords: SMS, voice or email only, 1 of 29 services (3%)Identity and passwords: No MFA, 3 of 29 services (10%)10%29EmailEmail: Passkey, 19 of 49 services (39%)39%Email: App or OTP token, 24 of 49 services (49%)49%Email: No MFA, 6 of 49 services (12%)12%49Backup and file syncBackup and file sync: Passkey, 11 of 55 services (20%)20%Backup and file sync: Security key, 2 of 55 services (4%)Backup and file sync: App or OTP token, 35 of 55 services (64%)64%Backup and file sync: SMS, voice or email only, 4 of 55 services (7%)7%Backup and file sync: No MFA, 3 of 55 services (5%)5%55GovernmentGovernment: Passkey, 9 of 43 services (21%)21%Government: App or OTP token, 23 of 43 services (53%)53%Government: SMS, voice or email only, 8 of 43 services (19%)19%Government: No MFA, 3 of 43 services (7%)7%43CommunicationCommunication: Passkey, 14 of 74 services (19%)19%Communication: App or OTP token, 39 of 74 services (53%)53%Communication: SMS, voice or email only, 9 of 74 services (12%)12%Communication: No MFA, 12 of 74 services (16%)16%74Remote accessRemote access: Passkey, 3 of 24 services (12%)12%Remote access: Security key, 1 of 24 services (4%)Remote access: App or OTP token, 18 of 24 services (75%)75%Remote access: SMS, voice or email only, 1 of 24 services (4%)Remote access: No MFA, 1 of 24 services (4%)24Cloud computingCloud computing: Passkey, 7 of 52 services (13%)13%Cloud computing: Security key, 1 of 52 services (2%)Cloud computing: App or OTP token, 40 of 52 services (77%)77%Cloud computing: SMS, voice or email only, 1 of 52 services (2%)Cloud computing: No MFA, 3 of 52 services (6%)6%52Domain registrarsDomain registrars: Passkey, 10 of 86 services (12%)12%Domain registrars: Security key, 3 of 86 services (3%)Domain registrars: App or OTP token, 61 of 86 services (71%)71%Domain registrars: SMS, voice or email only, 3 of 86 services (3%)Domain registrars: No MFA, 9 of 86 services (10%)10%86Social mediaSocial media: Passkey, 11 of 73 services (15%)15%Social media: App or OTP token, 32 of 73 services (44%)44%Social media: SMS, voice or email only, 7 of 73 services (10%)10%Social media: No MFA, 23 of 73 services (32%)32%73Developer toolsDeveloper tools: Passkey, 21 of 160 services (13%)13%Developer tools: Security key, 1 of 160 services (1%)Developer tools: App or OTP token, 109 of 160 services (68%)68%Developer tools: SMS, voice or email only, 9 of 160 services (6%)6%Developer tools: No MFA, 20 of 160 services (12%)12%160RetailRetail: Passkey, 19 of 157 services (12%)12%Retail: App or OTP token, 25 of 157 services (16%)16%Retail: SMS, voice or email only, 29 of 157 services (18%)18%Retail: No MFA, 84 of 157 services (54%)54%157TravelTravel: Passkey, 5 of 50 services (10%)10%Travel: Security key, 1 of 50 services (2%)Travel: App or OTP token, 7 of 50 services (14%)14%Travel: SMS, voice or email only, 10 of 50 services (20%)20%Travel: No MFA, 27 of 50 services (54%)54%50GamingGaming: Passkey, 11 of 92 services (12%)12%Gaming: App or OTP token, 59 of 92 services (64%)64%Gaming: SMS, voice or email only, 7 of 92 services (8%)8%Gaming: No MFA, 15 of 92 services (16%)16%92SecuritySecurity: Passkey, 7 of 64 services (11%)11%Security: App or OTP token, 48 of 64 services (75%)75%Security: SMS, voice or email only, 6 of 64 services (9%)9%Security: No MFA, 3 of 64 services (5%)64PaymentsPayments: Passkey, 7 of 66 services (11%)11%Payments: App or OTP token, 34 of 66 services (52%)52%Payments: SMS, voice or email only, 14 of 66 services (21%)21%Payments: No MFA, 11 of 66 services (17%)17%66HealthcareHealthcare: Passkey, 2 of 52 services (4%)Healthcare: Security key, 3 of 52 services (6%)6%Healthcare: App or OTP token, 18 of 52 services (35%)35%Healthcare: SMS, voice or email only, 9 of 52 services (17%)17%Healthcare: No MFA, 20 of 52 services (38%)38%52TransportTransport: Passkey, 4 of 43 services (9%)9%Transport: App or OTP token, 5 of 43 services (12%)12%Transport: SMS, voice or email only, 5 of 43 services (12%)12%Transport: No MFA, 29 of 43 services (67%)67%43Crypto exchangesCrypto exchanges: Passkey, 8 of 132 services (6%)6%Crypto exchanges: App or OTP token, 119 of 132 services (90%)90%Crypto exchanges: SMS, voice or email only, 2 of 132 services (2%)Crypto exchanges: No MFA, 3 of 132 services (2%)132InvestingInvesting: Passkey, 4 of 83 services (5%)Investing: Security key, 1 of 83 services (1%)Investing: App or OTP token, 35 of 83 services (42%)42%Investing: SMS, voice or email only, 24 of 83 services (29%)29%Investing: No MFA, 19 of 83 services (23%)23%83BankingBanking: Passkey, 13 of 270 services (5%)Banking: Security key, 2 of 270 services (1%)Banking: App or OTP token, 126 of 270 services (47%)47%Banking: SMS, voice or email only, 56 of 270 services (21%)21%Banking: No MFA, 73 of 270 services (27%)27%270Finance and accountingFinance and accounting: Passkey, 5 of 105 services (5%)Finance and accounting: App or OTP token, 58 of 105 services (55%)55%Finance and accounting: SMS, voice or email only, 19 of 105 services (18%)18%Finance and accounting: No MFA, 23 of 105 services (22%)22%105Web hostingWeb hosting: Passkey, 4 of 107 services (4%)Web hosting: Security key, 1 of 107 services (1%)Web hosting: App or OTP token, 91 of 107 services (85%)85%Web hosting: SMS, voice or email only, 5 of 107 services (5%)Web hosting: No MFA, 6 of 107 services (6%)6%107EntertainmentEntertainment: Passkey, 3 of 65 services (5%)Entertainment: App or OTP token, 16 of 65 services (25%)25%Entertainment: SMS, voice or email only, 3 of 65 services (5%)Entertainment: No MFA, 43 of 65 services (66%)66%65UtilitiesUtilities: Passkey, 4 of 111 services (4%)Utilities: App or OTP token, 25 of 111 services (23%)23%Utilities: SMS, voice or email only, 32 of 111 services (29%)29%Utilities: No MFA, 50 of 111 services (45%)45%111EducationEducation: Passkey, 1 of 68 services (1%)Education: Security key, 1 of 68 services (1%)Education: App or OTP token, 14 of 68 services (21%)21%Education: SMS, voice or email only, 7 of 68 services (10%)10%Education: No MFA, 45 of 68 services (66%)66%68MarketingMarketing: Passkey, 1 of 83 services (1%)Marketing: App or OTP token, 67 of 83 services (81%)81%Marketing: SMS, voice or email only, 10 of 83 services (12%)12%Marketing: No MFA, 5 of 83 services (6%)6%83InsuranceInsurance: App or OTP token, 6 of 37 services (16%)16%Insurance: SMS, voice or email only, 22 of 37 services (59%)59%Insurance: No MFA, 9 of 37 services (24%)24%37Share of listed services by the strongest method they offer. Phishing-resistant methods (navy and blue) are on the left.

A service can belong to more than one category. Categories with at least 40 listed services are shown, plus insurance, identity and remote access. Hover a segment for counts.

Three groups lead on phishing-resistant support: universities (47%), identity and password services (45%) and email providers (39%). Money is not where the strong methods are. Banks sit at 6%, finance and accounting services at 5%, investing platforms at 6%, and none of the 37 insurers support a security key or passkey. Crypto exchanges are the opposite case: 98% offer MFA, almost all through authenticator apps, but only 6% support keys or passkeys.

Consumer services show the largest gaps in basic coverage. 77% of food delivery services, 67% of transport services, 66% of entertainment services and 54% of retailers list no MFA at all. Healthcare is split: 38% of the 52 health services offer none, and 10% support a key or passkey.

Is SMS-only MFA still common?

As the only option, SMS is a minority: 147 services (5.7% of all listed) offer SMS or voice codes and nothing stronger, and a further 178 offer only email codes or a mix of email and phone codes. It concentrates in financial categories. SMS-or-voice-only is the case for 24% of insurers, 17% of investing platforms, 17% of payment services and 11% of banks.

As a fallback, SMS is everywhere. CISA’s guidance on mobile communications warns that enrolling an authenticator app “does not automatically unenroll the account’s SMS,” which “can create a weak, exploitable fallback mechanism.” In the directory, 871 of the 1,901 services with MFA (45.8%) list SMS or voice among their methods, and 170 of the 280 services that support keys or passkeys (61%) do too.

The 280 phishing-resistant services, by the weakest method they also accept

SMS or voice call 170Email code 13Authenticator app or token 83Security key or passkey only 14

Facebook: also accepts sms or voice callYouTube: also accepts sms or voice callX (Twitter): also accepts sms or voice callLinkedIn: also accepts sms or voice callGitHub: also accepts sms or voice callGoogle Play: also accepts sms or voice callTikTok: also accepts sms or voice callWhatsApp: also accepts sms or voice callAmazon: also accepts sms or voice callGoogle Drive: also accepts sms or voice callAdobe: also accepts sms or voice callWordPress.com: also accepts sms or voice callYahoo: also accepts sms or voice callGoDaddy: also accepts sms or voice callMicrosoft Copilot: also accepts sms or voice callShopify: also accepts sms or voice callDropbox: also accepts sms or voice callVK: also accepts sms or voice callDiscord: also accepts sms or voice callHarvard University: also accepts sms or voice callSquare: also accepts sms or voice callStanford University: also accepts sms or voice callOpenAI (ChatGPT): also accepts sms or voice callOutlook.com: also accepts sms or voice callStripe: also accepts sms or voice callGmail: also accepts sms or voice callSamsung: also accepts sms or voice calleBay: also accepts sms or voice callCornell University: also accepts sms or voice callBooking.com: also accepts sms or voice callTelegram: also accepts sms or voice callColumbia University: also accepts sms or voice callSalesforce: also accepts sms or voice callUniversity of Michigan: also accepts sms or voice callPennsylvania State University: also accepts sms or voice callMicrosoft Teams: also accepts sms or voice callOVH: also accepts sms or voice callUS Internal Revenue Service: also accepts sms or voice callDell: also accepts sms or voice callUniversity of California, Los Angeles: also accepts sms or voice callSnapchat: also accepts sms or voice callYahoo [JP]: also accepts sms or voice callNew York University: also accepts sms or voice callMail.Ru: also accepts sms or voice callZoho: also accepts sms or voice callMichigan State University: also accepts sms or voice callPlaystation Network: also accepts sms or voice callUniversity of British Columbia: also accepts sms or voice callArizona State University: also accepts sms or voice callUniversity of Colorado Boulder: also accepts sms or voice callBinance: also accepts sms or voice callNotion: also accepts sms or voice callUber: also accepts sms or voice callUS Veteran Affairs: also accepts sms or voice callTexas A&M University: also accepts sms or voice callBoston University: also accepts sms or voice callThe Ohio State University: also accepts sms or voice callXbox Live: also accepts sms or voice callNorth Carolina State University: also accepts sms or voice callTarget: also accepts sms or voice callGeorgia Institute of Technology: also accepts sms or voice callUniversity of Waterloo: also accepts sms or voice callApple iCloud: also accepts sms or voice callCoinbase: also accepts sms or voice callBest Buy: also accepts sms or voice callUniversity of Notre Dame: also accepts sms or voice callMongoDB: also accepts sms or voice callLastPass: also accepts sms or voice callNorton: also accepts sms or voice callBrigham Young University: also accepts sms or voice callMinecraft: also accepts sms or voice callUber Eats: also accepts sms or voice callDynadot: also accepts sms or voice callBlizzard/Battle.net: also accepts sms or voice callBank of America: also accepts sms or voice callYork University: also accepts sms or voice callLowes: also accepts sms or voice callOkta: also accepts sms or voice callAdafruit: also accepts sms or voice callWise: also accepts sms or voice callClemson University: also accepts sms or voice callAuth0: also accepts sms or voice callMorgan Stanley: also accepts sms or voice callBritish Airways: also accepts sms or voice callWells Fargo: also accepts sms or voice callGoogle Health: also accepts sms or voice callChase: also accepts sms or voice callOracle Cloud Infrastructure: also accepts sms or voice callSentry: also accepts sms or voice callRevolut: also accepts sms or voice callBitwarden: also accepts sms or voice callCapital One: also accepts sms or voice callNuGet: also accepts sms or voice callVanguard: also accepts sms or voice callDocusign: also accepts sms or voice callSanta Clara University: also accepts sms or voice callUS Bank: also accepts sms or voice callDeakin University: also accepts sms or voice callUniversity of Idaho: also accepts sms or voice callRobinhood: also accepts sms or voice callOKX: also accepts sms or voice callUniversity of Otago: also accepts sms or voice callCal Poly: also accepts sms or voice callWefunder: also accepts sms or voice callQantas: also accepts sms or voice callTelstra: also accepts sms or voice callGoogle Nest: also accepts sms or voice callAfternic: also accepts sms or voice callEmbry-Riddle Aeronautical University: also accepts sms or voice callGemini: also accepts sms or voice callMiami University: also accepts sms or voice callSeton Hall University: also accepts sms or voice callBoursorama: also accepts sms or voice callGOV.UK: also accepts sms or voice callHarvey Mudd College: also accepts sms or voice callMerrill Edge: also accepts sms or voice callUniversity of California, Merced: also accepts sms or voice callMigros: also accepts sms or voice callmyGov: also accepts sms or voice callBraintree: also accepts sms or voice callKeeper: also accepts sms or voice callFastmail: also accepts sms or voice callVysoká škola ekonomická v Praze: also accepts sms or voice callWoolworths: also accepts sms or voice callOneLogin: also accepts sms or voice callID.me: also accepts sms or voice callAha!: also accepts sms or voice callWealthsimple: also accepts sms or voice callCal Poly Pomona: also accepts sms or voice callShop: also accepts sms or voice callDelinea: also accepts sms or voice call123 Reg: also accepts sms or voice callGroupMe: also accepts sms or voice callPKO Bank Polski: also accepts sms or voice callNulab: also accepts sms or voice callAmeriprise Financial: also accepts sms or voice callLogin.gov: also accepts sms or voice callHeadway: also accepts sms or voice callClassLink: also accepts sms or voice callING Bank Slaski [PL]: also accepts sms or voice callPenFed: also accepts sms or voice callIcedrive: also accepts sms or voice callPayFit: also accepts sms or voice callPharmacy2U: also accepts sms or voice callFiles.com: also accepts sms or voice callProBit: also accepts sms or voice callISL Online: also accepts sms or voice callPerimeter 81: also accepts sms or voice callDinero: also accepts sms or voice callCompose: also accepts sms or voice callCloze: also accepts sms or voice callAol Mail: also accepts sms or voice callApple: also accepts sms or voice callAtlassian Cloud: also accepts sms or voice callConnecticut DRS myconneCT: also accepts sms or voice callEuropean Commission: also accepts sms or voice callGoogle Chat: also accepts sms or voice callGoogle Cloud Platform: also accepts sms or voice callGoogle Fi: also accepts sms or voice callGoogle Fiber: also accepts sms or voice callGoogle Fit: also accepts sms or voice callGoogle Meet: also accepts sms or voice callGoogle Pay: also accepts sms or voice callMicrosoft Azure: also accepts sms or voice callMicrosoft To-Do: also accepts sms or voice callOneDrive: also accepts sms or voice callSAPO Mail: also accepts sms or voice callSingleKey ID: also accepts sms or voice callVicRoads: also accepts sms or voice callVisual Studio Codespaces: also accepts sms or voice callGitLab: also accepts email codeGeForce (Nvidia): also accepts email codeRoblox: also accepts email codeSynology: also accepts email codeKraken: also accepts email codeAirAsia: also accepts email codeBolt: also accepts email codeWoltLab: also accepts email codeHypixel: also accepts email codeDoppler: also accepts email codeHytale: also accepts email codeIBM Cloud: also accepts email codeVaultCord: also accepts email codeWikipedia: also accepts authenticator app or tokenReddit: also accepts authenticator app or tokenNamecheap: also accepts authenticator app or tokenPayPal: also accepts authenticator app or tokenCanva: also accepts authenticator app or tokenCloudflare: also accepts authenticator app or tokenUniversity of California, Berkeley: also accepts authenticator app or tokenCarnegie Mellon University: also accepts authenticator app or tokenUniversity of Wisconsin Madison: also accepts authenticator app or tokenUniversity of California, San Diego: also accepts authenticator app or tokenDuke University: also accepts authenticator app or tokenUniversity of California, Davis: also accepts authenticator app or tokenMastodon: also accepts authenticator app or tokenPyPI: also accepts authenticator app or tokenBitbucket: also accepts authenticator app or tokenGeorgetown University: also accepts authenticator app or tokenCodeberg: also accepts authenticator app or tokenHewlett Packard Enterprise: also accepts authenticator app or tokenOregon State University: also accepts authenticator app or tokenGandi: also accepts authenticator app or tokenSpaceship: also accepts authenticator app or tokenThe University of Queensland: also accepts authenticator app or tokenUniversity of California, Riverside: also accepts authenticator app or tokenProton: also accepts authenticator app or tokenThe University of Sydney: also accepts authenticator app or tokenMonash University: also accepts authenticator app or tokenPixiv: also accepts authenticator app or tokenOnet: also accepts authenticator app or tokenNordVPN: also accepts authenticator app or tokenWirtualna Polska: also accepts authenticator app or tokenVirginia Commonwealth University: also accepts authenticator app or token1Password: also accepts authenticator app or tokenBasecamp: also accepts authenticator app or tokenOpen Collective: also accepts authenticator app or tokenSANS: also accepts authenticator app or tokenMasaryk University: also accepts authenticator app or tokenHeroku: also accepts authenticator app or tokenTechnische Universität Darmstadt: also accepts authenticator app or tokenVivaldi: also accepts authenticator app or tokenToronto Metropolitan University: also accepts authenticator app or tokenLnk.Bio: also accepts authenticator app or tokenColorado School of Mines: also accepts authenticator app or tokenTuta: also accepts authenticator app or tokenNordPass: also accepts authenticator app or tokenCrowdin: also accepts authenticator app or tokenBitfinex: also accepts authenticator app or tokenMuleSoft: also accepts authenticator app or tokenVeracode: also accepts authenticator app or tokenCrowd Supply: also accepts authenticator app or tokenHEY: also accepts authenticator app or tokenPorkbun: also accepts authenticator app or tokenJumpCloud: also accepts authenticator app or tokenFragDenStaat: also accepts authenticator app or tokenMercury: also accepts authenticator app or tokenRegistro.br: also accepts authenticator app or tokenZeroTier: also accepts authenticator app or tokenBitGo: also accepts authenticator app or tokeno2: also accepts authenticator app or tokenPosteo: also accepts authenticator app or tokenMangaDex: also accepts authenticator app or tokenTalkdesk: also accepts authenticator app or tokendmarcian: also accepts authenticator app or tokenTeleport: also accepts authenticator app or tokenShadow: also accepts authenticator app or tokenSimpleLogin: also accepts authenticator app or tokenMyFRITZ!Net: also accepts authenticator app or tokenDNSimple: also accepts authenticator app or tokenStandard Notes: also accepts authenticator app or tokenTwingate: also accepts authenticator app or tokenNordLocker: also accepts authenticator app or tokenKoofr: also accepts authenticator app or tokenWeclapp: also accepts authenticator app or tokenReport URI: also accepts authenticator app or tokenmail.de: also accepts authenticator app or tokenCloud 66: also accepts authenticator app or tokenaero.zip: also accepts authenticator app or tokenAmazon Web Services: also accepts authenticator app or tokenBasic Attention Token: also accepts authenticator app or tokenCPOMS: also accepts authenticator app or tokenEpayslips: also accepts authenticator app or tokenESL Play: also accepts authenticator app or tokenNintendo Account: also accepts authenticator app or tokenNitrado: also accepts authenticator app or tokenWalmart: also accepts security key or passkey onlyAliExpress: also accepts security key or passkey onlynpm: also accepts security key or passkey onlyHyatt: also accepts security key or passkey onlyKlarna: also accepts security key or passkey onlyHome Depot: also accepts security key or passkey onlyhCaptcha: also accepts security key or passkey onlyTicketmaster: also accepts security key or passkey onlyToggl: also accepts security key or passkey onlyCanadian Tire: also accepts security key or passkey onlyVirgin Media [UK]: also accepts security key or passkey onlyLink: also accepts security key or passkey onlyCVS Caremark: also accepts security key or passkey onlyUBank: also accepts security key or passkey only

One square per service. Hover for the name.

Weakest method offered, all 1,901 services with MFA

SMS or voice callSMS or voice call: weakest method at 871 services871 (45.8%)Email codeEmail code: weakest method at 143 services143 (7.5%)Authenticator app or tokenAuthenticator app or token: weakest method at 873 services873 (45.9%)Security key or passkey onlySecurity key or passkey only: weakest method at 14 services14 (0.7%)

Ranking follows CISA’s strongest-to-weakest table. Whether a weaker method can be switched off varies by service and is not recorded in the directory.

The directory records which methods a service supports, not whether a user can remove the weaker ones. Some services let you delete a phone number once a key is enrolled; others keep SMS for account recovery. CISA notes that some services “may default to SMS during account recovery flows.” Recovery questions are weaker still, since the personal details behind them are sold, as our data brokers list shows.

Banking: the largest category, and one of the weakest

Banks are the biggest single category in the directory, with 270 entries. 27% list no MFA, 21% rely on SMS, voice or email codes alone, and 47% top out at an app or code token, often the bank’s own app or a card reader. Just 15 support a security key or passkey.

US banks do better than the rest on availability but not on SMS. Of 88 banks tagged as US, 13 (15%) list no MFA and 13 (15%) are SMS or voice only, while 10 support keys or passkeys. Among 181 banks tagged with other countries, 60 (33%) list no MFA, 18 (10%) are SMS or voice only, and 5 support keys or passkeys. The directory’s bank list is not a complete census of either market.

The most-linked services and their MFA methods

Popularity is not in the directory, so we ranked services by their position in the Majestic Million, a list of domains ordered by how many distinct IP subnets link to them. Of the 30 highest-ranked services in the directory, 19 support a security key or passkey, 19 accept SMS or voice, and 4 list no MFA.

Majestic rank Service Category SMS / voice Email TOTP app Vendor app / token Security key Passkey Weakest offered
2 Facebook Social media ✓ · ✓ · ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
3 YouTube Entertainment ✓ · ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
4 Instagram Social media ✓ · ✓ · · · SMS or voice call
5 X (Twitter) Social media ✓ · ✓ · ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
6 LinkedIn Social media ✓ · ✓ ✓ · ✓ SMS or voice call
10 GitHub Developer tools ✓ · ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
11 Wikipedia Other · · ✓ · ✓ ✓ Authenticator app or token
12 Google Play Entertainment ✓ · ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
22 Pinterest Social media ✓ · · ✓ · · SMS or voice call
23 TikTok Social media ✓ ✓ ✓ · · ✓ SMS or voice call
27 WhatsApp Communication ✓ ✓ · · · ✓ SMS or voice call
29 Vimeo Entertainment · ✓ ✓ · · · Email code
31 Amazon Retail ✓ · ✓ · · ✓ SMS or voice call
34 Google Drive Backup and file sync ✓ · ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
38 Adobe Creative tools ✓ ✓ · ✓ · ✓ SMS or voice call
40 WordPress.com Social media ✓ · ✓ · ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
48 Reddit Social media · · ✓ · · ✓ Authenticator app or token
51 Yahoo Email ✓ · ✓ · ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
52 Spotify Entertainment · · · · · · No MFA listed
57 GoDaddy Domain registrars ✓ · ✓ · ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
60 Tumblr Social media ✓ · ✓ · · · SMS or voice call
61 Internet Archive Other · · · · · · No MFA listed
65 Microsoft Copilot Other ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ · ✓ SMS or voice call
68 Flickr Social media · · · · · · No MFA listed
73 Medium Social media · · · · · · No MFA listed
75 SoundCloud Entertainment · · ✓ · · · Authenticator app or token
76 Namecheap Domain registrars · · ✓ · ✓ ✓ Authenticator app or token
81 Zoom Communication ✓ · ✓ · · · SMS or voice call
85 SourceForge Developer tools · · ✓ · · · Authenticator app or token
86 PayPal Payments · · ✓ · ✓ ✓ Authenticator app or token

Services whose sign-in lives on a subdomain (for example appleid.apple.com or aws.amazon.com) have no Majestic rank of their own and are covered in the next table. Methods are as recorded by the 2FA Directory and Passkeys Directory on October 15, 2026.

The MSP tool stack, method by method

For the accounts an MSP actually administers, the picture is mixed. Identity providers, cloud consoles and password managers mostly support keys or passkeys. Remote access and RMM tools mostly do not: 1 of the 10 remote access and RMM products below list a security key or passkey, and most have an authenticator app as their strongest method. Across the directory’s 24 remote access services, 17% do.

Service SMS / voice Email TOTP app Vendor app / token Security key Passkey Weakest offered
Identity and productivity
Microsoft 365 / Entra sign-in ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ · ✓ SMS or voice call
Google Account (Gmail) ✓ · ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
Apple Account ✓ · · ✓ ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
Okta ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
JumpCloud · · ✓ · ✓ ✓ Authenticator app or token
Slack ✓ · ✓ · · · SMS or voice call
Zoom ✓ · ✓ · · · SMS or voice call
Cloud, DNS and code
Amazon Web Services · · ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Authenticator app or token
Microsoft Azure ✓ · ✓ ✓ · ✓ SMS or voice call
Google Cloud Platform ✓ · ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
Cloudflare · · ✓ · ✓ ✓ Authenticator app or token
GoDaddy ✓ · ✓ · ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
GitHub ✓ · ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
Dropbox ✓ · ✓ · ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
Remote access and RMM
TeamViewer · · ✓ · · · Authenticator app or token
AnyDesk · · ✓ · · · Authenticator app or token
ConnectWise ScreenConnect ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ · · SMS or voice call
Splashtop · · ✓ · · · Authenticator app or token
Atera · · ✓ · · · Authenticator app or token
Autotask · · ✓ · · · Authenticator app or token
Datto · · ✓ ✓ · · Authenticator app or token
N-able · · ✓ · · · Authenticator app or token
SolarWinds · · ✓ · · · Authenticator app or token
Twingate · · ✓ · ✓ · Authenticator app or token
Password managers
1Password · · ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Authenticator app or token
Bitwarden ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
Keeper ✓ · ✓ · ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
LastPass ✓ · ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
Dashlane · · ✓ · · · Authenticator app or token
Finance, payroll and banking
QuickBooks Online ✓ ✓ ✓ · · · SMS or voice call
Xero · · ✓ ✓ · · Authenticator app or token
Gusto ✓ · ✓ · · · SMS or voice call
ADP · · · · · · No MFA listed
PayPal · · ✓ · ✓ ✓ Authenticator app or token
Stripe ✓ · ✓ · ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
Chase ✓ · · ✓ · ✓ SMS or voice call
Bank of America ✓ ✓ · · ✓ · SMS or voice call
Wells Fargo ✓ · · ✓ · ✓ SMS or voice call
Government
IRS ✓ · · ✓ ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call
Social Security (SSA) ✓ ✓ · · · · SMS or voice call
Login.gov ✓ · ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ SMS or voice call

Selection by The Uptime Report of services commonly administered by MSPs. The directory tracks each service’s own sign-in. Many business tools also accept single sign-on through Microsoft Entra ID, Google or Okta, where phishing-resistant MFA can be enforced at the identity provider; SSO options are not recorded here. Microsoft 365 sign-in is listed in the directory under its Microsoft Copilot entry, which covers login.microsoftonline.com and office.com.

The directory since 2015: MFA spread, SMS did not fade

The 2FA Directory’s full history is public on GitHub, so we rebuilt the list as it stood on January 1 of each year from 2015. The share of listed services offering any MFA rose from 49.5% of 418 sites in 2015 to 73.5% of 2,572 today. Security keys grew from 5.5% of listed services in 2022 to 7.9%. The share of MFA services that accept SMS or voice has not moved: it has stayed between 44.9% and 47.6% in every snapshot.

0%20%40%60%80%201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Jan 2015: 49.5% (418 services listed)Jan 2016: 55.3% (557 services listed)Jan 2017: 48.5% (894 services listed)Jan 2018: 50.4% (1,060 services listed)Jan 2019: 54.5% (1,218 services listed)Jan 2020: 59.3% (1,372 services listed)Jan 2021: 60.9% (1,563 services listed)Jan 2022: 69.9% (1,939 services listed)Jan 2023: 70.2% (2,194 services listed)Jan 2024: 69.8% (2,359 services listed)Jan 2025: 71.6% (2,497 services listed)Jan 2026: 72.7% (2,554 services listed)Oct 2026: 73.5% (2,572 services listed)73.5% any MFAJan 2015: 44.9% (418 services listed)Jan 2016: 46.8% (557 services listed)Jan 2017: 46.3% (894 services listed)Jan 2018: 46.1% (1,060 services listed)Jan 2019: 45.9% (1,218 services listed)Jan 2020: 46.8% (1,372 services listed)Jan 2021: 47.6% (1,563 services listed)Jan 2022: 45.4% (1,939 services listed)Jan 2023: 46.2% (2,194 services listed)Jan 2024: 46.0% (2,359 services listed)Jan 2025: 45.8% (2,497 services listed)Jan 2026: 45.9% (2,554 services listed)Oct 2026: 46.1% (2,572 services listed)46.1% accept SMSJan 2021: 4.9% (1,563 services listed)Jan 2022: 5.5% (1,939 services listed)Jan 2023: 6.3% (2,194 services listed)Jan 2024: 7.1% (2,359 services listed)Jan 2025: 7.2% (2,497 services listed)Jan 2026: 7.6% (2,554 services listed)Oct 2026: 7.9% (2,572 services listed)7.9% security key

Snapshots of github.com/2factorauth/twofactorauth on January 1 of each year and on October 15, 2026. Security keys are shown from 2021, the first snapshot in which the data separated FIDO U2F keys from other hardware tokens. This series uses 2FA Directory methods only, so it excludes 12 services whose only listed strong method is a passkey.

The list itself grew, which can move the shares. To control for that, we followed the 1,755 services listed in both January 2022 and October 2026. In that fixed group, services supporting a security key rose from 92 to 129 (41 added one). Over the same period, 63 services added SMS as a method and 14 removed it.

Passkeys: big-platform defaults, thin long tail

The Passkeys Directory lists 268 services with passkey support: 131 allow passkey sign-in without a password and 175 accept a passkey as a second factor. It held 183 supported entries in December 2023, a month after the repository was created, and 268 by October 2026, though that growth reflects volunteer additions as well as new deployments. Matched to the 2FA Directory, 252 of its 2,571 services (9.8%) support passkeys.

The large platforms moved first. Apple, Google and Microsoft announced a joint commitment to passkey support on May 5, 2022. Google made passkeys the default option for personal Google Accounts on October 10, 2023. On May 1, 2025, Microsoft said new Microsoft accounts would be “passwordless by default” and that it sees “nearly a million passkeys registered every day,” figures that are Microsoft’s own. Most of the long tail has not followed: 90% of services in the 2FA Directory have no passkey entry.

How effective is MFA? What the primary sources say

The most quoted MFA effectiveness figures come from two organizations. Microsoft’s Partner Center documentation states: “We’ve found that more than 99.9% of compromised accounts don’t have MFA.” A 2023 paper by Microsoft researchers, studying Azure Active Directory accounts with suspicious activity, found MFA “reduces the risk of compromise by 99.22% across the entire population and by 98.56% in cases of leaked credentials,” and that authenticator apps outperformed SMS. CISA’s MFA page tells users that MFA “makes you 99% less likely to be hacked.” These are Microsoft’s and CISA’s claims, not our measurements.

Not all MFA counts the same. CISA’s 2022 fact sheet on phishing-resistant MFA lists SMS and voice as vulnerable to “phishing, SS7, and SIM swap attacks,” says app codes are still “vulnerable to phishing,” and calls FIDO/WebAuthn “the only widely available phishing-resistant authentication.” Its December 2024 guidance for highly targeted people is blunter: “Do not use SMS as a second factor for authentication.”

Weak MFA matters because stolen logins are a working entry route. Passwords alone fail often: 92% of 634 passwords built to pass complexity rules were already in Have I Been Pwned when we tested them. In our coding of CISA’s ransomware advisories, valid accounts appeared in 10 of the 22 advisories that list an entry technique, often used on an exposed VPN or remote desktop service.

What this means for MSPs

  1. Put admin accounts on keys or passkeys first. CISA urges “system administrators and other high-value targets” to move to phishing-resistant MFA. In the directory data, Microsoft 365, Google, AWS, Azure, Cloudflare and GoDaddy sign-ins support it, as do four of the five password managers in the table. Start there, with two keys per admin so a lost key does not force a fallback.
  2. Remove the SMS fallback, not just add the key. 61% of services that support keys still accept SMS or voice. After enrolling keys, delete phone numbers where the service allows it and document the ones where it does not.
  3. Front your RMM and remote access tools with SSO. Most remote access and RMM tools in the matrix top out at an authenticator app on their own sign-in. Where the vendor supports SSO, route admin logins through your identity provider and enforce phishing-resistant MFA there. Where it does not, treat app-code MFA as the ceiling and add IP or device restrictions.
  4. Use this matrix in client reviews. For each client’s banking, payroll and tax portals, check the methods in the CSV. Where a bank or insurer offers only SMS (11% of banks and 24% of insurers here), turn it on anyway, since any MFA beats none, and flag the account for extra payment controls.
  5. Report MFA strength, not just MFA coverage. “MFA enabled: 100%” hides whether those users are on SMS. Track the share of admins and users on phishing-resistant methods as its own number.

Frequently asked questions

What percentage of online services support MFA?

In the 2FA Directory’s list of 2,571 services, 1,901 (73.9%) offer some form of multi-factor authentication and 670 (26.1%) offer none. Coverage is uneven: 98% of crypto exchanges offer MFA, against 46% of retailers and 73% of banks.

What is the most common MFA method?

Authenticator apps using time-based one-time passwords (TOTP). 1,288 of the 1,901 services with MFA support them (68%), ahead of SMS codes at 868 (46%) and email codes at 396 (21%). Hardware security keys are listed for 202 services and passkeys for 252.

What percentage of attacks does MFA stop?

We did not measure this; the widely quoted figures come from Microsoft. Its Partner Center documentation states that more than 99.9% of compromised accounts it sees do not have MFA, and a 2023 study by Microsoft researchers found MFA cut the risk of account compromise by 99.22% across the accounts studied (98.56% where credentials had leaked). Both are Microsoft’s own measurements of its own tenants.

Which MFA method is most secure?

CISA ranks FIDO/WebAuthn (security keys and passkeys) and PKI-based authentication as phishing-resistant MFA, followed by app-based codes and push with number matching, with SMS and voice as a last resort. Only 280 of 2,571 listed services (10.9%) support a security key or passkey.

Is SMS two-factor authentication still common?

Yes. 871 services (45.8% of those with MFA) accept an SMS or voice code, and 147 (5.7% of all listed) offer nothing stronger. SMS-or-voice-only is most common in insurance (24%), investing (17%) and payments (17%). Banking is at 11%.

Do banks support passkeys or security keys?

Rarely. Of 270 banks listed, 15 (6%) support a security key or passkey, 73 (27%) offer no MFA, and 31 (11%) offer only SMS or voice codes.

Download the data. mfa-method-support-by-service-2026.csv (CSV, 2,571 services, one row each, with methods, passkey status, strongest and weakest method, and Majestic rank). Our analysis is licensed under CC BY 4.0. Source data: 2FA Directory by 2factorauth (MIT licence, Copyright 2021 2factorauth and Contributors; Copyright 2014 to 2020 Josh Davis), Passkeys Directory by 2factorauth (CC BY 4.0), and Majestic Million ranks (CC BY 3.0). Please keep these attributions when you reuse it.

Methodology

Sources. 2FA Directory API v3 (all.json), Passkeys Directory entries from github.com/2factorauth/passkeys, the git history of github.com/2factorauth/twofactorauth, and the Majestic Million, all retrieved October 15, 2026. Data sourced from 2FA Directory by 2factorauth.

Universe. 2,571 services in the 2FA Directory. The project lists consumer-facing sites that handle personal data, money or account control; new entries must rank in the Similarweb global top 200,000; self-hosted software, pornography and some other categories are excluded. It is a curated list, not a random sample of the web, and it is maintained by volunteers, so changes at a service can take time to appear.

Methods. SMS and voice call codes; email codes; TOTP authenticator apps; vendor apps and push (the directory’s custom-software) and proprietary tokens such as bank card readers (custom-hardware); FIDO U2F/WebAuthn security keys (u2f); and passkeys, as either a passwordless sign-in or a second factor, from the Passkeys Directory. Passkey entries were matched to 2FA Directory services by domain, including additional domains; 252 of 268 matched and the other 16 are left out of the category analysis. A service with no passkey entry is counted as not supporting passkeys.

Definitions. Phishing-resistant means a security key or passkey (FIDO/WebAuthn), following CISA. Strongest method is the highest tier a service offers: passkey, then security key, then app or token, then SMS, voice or email. Weakest method is the lowest the service lists, in CISA’s order. SMS-or-voice-only means a service lists SMS and/or voice and no other method. Categories are the directory’s own; 122 services sit in more than one. US banks are entries whose region list includes the US.

History. The repository was rebuilt as of January 1 of each year from 2015, and as of October 15, 2026. In snapshots before 2021, at least part of the data recorded all hardware tokens in one field, so the security key series starts in 2021. The git snapshot taken on the retrieval date holds 2,572 entries, against 2,571 in the API file used elsewhere on this page. The fixed-group comparison matches services by domain between January 2022 and today; renamed domains drop out.

Limitations. The directory records documented support, not defaults, enforcement or how many users enroll. It does not record SSO options or whether a weaker method can be removed. Majestic ranks count linking subnets, which is a proxy for prominence, not traffic.

Not advice. This is an analysis of public directory data, not a security assessment of any service.

Cite as:The Uptime Report. "MFA Statistics 2026: Only 1 in 9 Online Services Supports Phishing-Resistant Sign-In." October 2026. https://theuptimereport.com/mfa-statistics/

References

  1. 2FA Directory by 2factorauth, API v3 and github.com/2factorauth/twofactorauth (MIT licence). Accessed October 2026.
  2. Passkeys Directory by 2factorauth and github.com/2factorauth/passkeys (CC BY 4.0). Accessed October 2026.
  3. Majestic, The Majestic Million (CC BY 3.0). Accessed October 2026.
  4. CISA, Implementing Phishing-Resistant MFA (fact sheet, October 2022). Accessed October 2026.
  5. CISA, Mobile Communications Best Practice Guidance (December 18, 2024). Accessed October 2026.
  6. CISA, Multifactor Authentication. Accessed October 2026.
  7. Microsoft Learn, Security at your organization: Multifactor authentication statistics. Accessed October 2026.
  8. Meyer, L. A., et al. (Microsoft), How effective is multifactor authentication at deterring cyberattacks? arXiv:2305.00945 (2023). Accessed October 2026.
  9. Google, Passwordless by default: Make the switch to passkeys (October 10, 2023). Accessed October 2026.
  10. Microsoft Security Blog, Pushing passkeys forward (May 1, 2025). Accessed October 2026.
  11. FIDO Alliance, Apple, Google and Microsoft Commit to Expanded Support for FIDO Standard (May 5, 2022). Accessed October 2026.

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