BLS OEWS and H-1B wage filings, reconciled

Database Administrator vs Data Engineer Salary: Data Engineers Earn $23,765 More

The database administrator vs data engineer salary gap is $23,765 a year: data engineers were offered a median $125,000 and database administrators $101,235 on 10,529 certified H-1B wage filings decided July 2025 to June 2026 (newest DOL file, checked November 13, 2026). The official BLS May 2025 median for database administrators is $104,620. Inside the same employer and wage level, data engineers get 10% more.

Data engineer, H-1B median$125,0008,904 filings
DBA, H-1B median$101,2351,625 filings, EY excluded
DBA, BLS median$104,62069,990 jobs, May 2025
Same employer and level+10.1%data engineer premium

Key findings

  • Median offered base wage, July 2025 to June 2026: data engineer $125,000 (8,904 filings), database administrator $101,235 (1,625 filings, EY excluded), a gap of $23,765 or 23.5%.
  • One employer filed 45% of all database administrator H-1B filings: EY (Ernst and Young U.S. LLP), 1,335 of 2,960, with a median of $137,182. Counting EY, the DBA median rises to $117,980 and the gap shrinks to $7,020.
  • The H-1B DBA median without EY ($101,235) sits $3,385 below the BLS OEWS May 2025 national median for database administrators ($104,620), which covers 69,990 jobs.
  • At employers that filed for both titles, a data engineer earns 10.1% more than a DBA at the same DOL wage level (95% interval 8.2% to 12.1%, 1,859 filings at 214 employers).
  • 24% of DBA filings (EY excluded) offered more than the data engineer median of $125,000.
  • BLS projects database administrator employment to change -0.1% from 2025 to 2035, against +9.4% for database architects and +34.6% for data scientists.
  • Employers coded 23% of data engineer filings under the two BLS database occupations: 16.9% as 15-1243 Database Architects and 5.6% as 15-1242 Database Administrators.

DBA vs data engineer salary: the numbers, source by source

Pages that answer this query quote a different DBA figure each, usually without saying where it came from. The table below puts every figure on one line with its source. The two government sources measure different things: BLS OEWS surveys pay for every database administrator job in the country, while an H-1B Labor Condition Application records the base wage an employer offers one foreign worker. BLS publishes no data engineer wage at all, because data engineer is not an occupation in the federal SOC system, so the filings are the only primary source that prices both jobs side by side.

Every number a searcher meets for these two jobs, from the primary source behind it. H-1B figures: certified full-time filings decided July 1, 2025 to June 30, 2026. BLS figures: OEWS May 2025.
Source Measure Median Count What it covers
BLS OEWS Database administrators (15-1242) $104,620 69,990 jobs All U.S. payroll jobs in the code, May 2025
BLS OEWS Database architects (15-1243) $139,500 67,140 jobs All U.S. payroll jobs in the code, May 2025
H-1B filings Database administrator, all employers $117,980 2,960 filings Includes 1,335 EY filings
H-1B filings Database administrator, EY only $137,182 1,335 filings Titles are the SOC name plus a requisition code
H-1B filings Database administrator, EY excluded $101,235 1,625 filings The DBA figure used on this page
H-1B filings Data engineer $125,000 8,904 filings Same title rule as our other data engineer pages
H-1B filings Database engineer $122,012 368 filings Titles saying database engineer
H-1B filings Data analyst $96,500 4,307 filings For the data analyst comparison
$0K$40K$80K$120K$160KBLS OEWS: database administrators69,990 jobs, May 2025BLS OEWS: database administrators: $104,620 (69,990 jobs, May 2025)$104,620H-1B: DBA, all employers2,960 filingsH-1B: DBA, all employers: $117,980 (2,960 filings)$117,980H-1B: DBA, EY only1,335 filingsH-1B: DBA, EY only: $137,182 (1,335 filings)$137,182H-1B: DBA, EY excluded1,625 filingsH-1B: DBA, EY excluded: $101,235 (1,625 filings)$101,235H-1B: data engineer8,904 filingsH-1B: data engineer: $125,000 (8,904 filings)$125,000BLS OEWS: database architects67,140 jobs, May 2025BLS OEWS: database architects: $139,500 (67,140 jobs, May 2025)$139,500
Median annual pay for each measure. Red: database administrator filings. Blue: data engineer filings. Navy: BLS OEWS May 2025 national medians.

Why one employer moves the DBA number

EY (Ernst and Young U.S. LLP) filed 1,335 of the 2,960 certified database administrator H-1B filings in the year ending June 2026, 45.1% of the total. 1,334 of them use the same job title: the SOC occupation name “Database Administrators” followed by a requisition code. The title shows how EY classified the position for the government, not what the job is called inside the firm. EY’s median offer was $137,182, even though a smaller share of its filings sit at wage Level III or IV (32%) than at other employers (39%). At Level II, its most common level, EY’s median was $129,033 against $95,035 for every other employer.

That block lifts the all-employer DBA median to $117,980 and shrinks the gap to data engineers to $7,020. Without EY the DBA median is $101,235, which lands $3,385 from the BLS national median of $104,620. Every DBA figure on the rest of this page excludes EY, and the CSV carries both versions. EY filed no data engineer, database engineer or data analyst titles in this window, so the same-employer comparisons below are unaffected by the choice.

01,0002,0003,0004,000Other employersEY (Ernst and Young U.S. LLP)Jun 2022: 2,856 DBA filings from other employers, median $90,168Jun 2022: 269 DBA filings from EYall $92Kex-EY $90KJun 2022EY 9%Jun 2023: 1,900 DBA filings from other employers, median $95,014Jun 2023: 456 DBA filings from EYall $95Kex-EY $95KJun 2023EY 19%Jun 2024: 1,999 DBA filings from other employers, median $92,165Jun 2024: 1,099 DBA filings from EYall $100Kex-EY $92KJun 2024EY 35%Jun 2025: 1,923 DBA filings from other employers, median $95,000Jun 2025: 1,599 DBA filings from EYall $112Kex-EY $95KJun 2025EY 45%Jun 2026: 1,625 DBA filings from other employers, median $101,235Jun 2026: 1,335 DBA filings from EYall $118Kex-EY $101KJun 2026EY 45%
Certified H-1B database administrator filings by year ending June, split into EY and all other employers. Labels: median offered wage with and without EY.

EY’s share grew from 9% of DBA filings in the year ending June 2022 to 45% in the year ending June 2026. Over the same five years the all-employer DBA median rose from $92,102 to $117,980, while the median without EY moved from $90,168 to $101,235. Read without the EY split, the filings suggest DBAs are catching up with data engineers. Most of that apparent catch-up is one firm’s filing volume.

Five years of H-1B filings, each window July to June by decision date.
Year ending DBA filings of which EY DBA median, all DBA median, EY excluded Data engineer median Data engineer filings
Jun 2022 3,125 269 $92,102 $90,168 $116,043 7,697
Jun 2023 2,356 456 $95,450 $95,014 $120,000 6,794
Jun 2024 3,098 1,099 $99,999 $92,165 $116,000 7,957
Jun 2025 3,522 1,599 $111,700 $95,000 $125,000 9,175
Jun 2026 2,960 1,335 $117,980 $101,235 $125,000 8,904

DBA vs data engineer salary by experience level

LCA filings have no years-of-experience field. The closest measure is the DOL prevailing wage level the employer assigns, from Level I (entry) to Level IV (fully competent). Data engineers lead at every level: by $19,059 at Level I and $24,564 at Level IV. Level II is the most common level for both titles (50% of DBA filings, 45% of data engineer filings), and there the gap is $17,888. For the data engineer side alone, by level and title word, see our data engineer salary by experience report, which uses the same title rule and window.

$0K$30K$60K$90K$120K$150K$180KDatabase administrator, Level I: $75,941 (148 filings)$76KData engineer, Level I: $95,000 (1,184 filings)$95KLevel Igap +$19KDatabase administrator, Level II: $95,035 (814 filings)$95KData engineer, Level II: $112,923 (4,020 filings)$113KLevel IIgap +$18KDatabase administrator, Level III: $117,000 (346 filings)$117KData engineer, Level III: $139,152 (1,704 filings)$139KLevel IIIgap +$22KDatabase administrator, Level IV: $138,778 (295 filings)$139KData engineer, Level IV: $163,342 (1,396 filings)$163KLevel IVgap +$25K
Median offered wage at each DOL wage level, year ending June 2026. DBA excludes EY.
Median offered wage by DOL prevailing wage level, year ending June 2026. DBA excludes EY; the EY column is shown separately. Same-employer premium compares the two titles inside employers that filed both at that level.
Wage level DBA (EY excluded) Data engineer Gap Same-employer premium EY DBA filings
Level I $75,941148 $95,0001,184 +$19,059 +8.1%27 filings $90,000129
Level II $95,035814 $112,9234,020 +$17,888 +10.3%1,183 filings $129,033778
Level III $117,000346 $139,1521,704 +$22,152 +10.5%397 filings $183,610321
Level IV $138,778295 $163,3421,396 +$24,564 +10.3%154 filings $231,559103

Where your DBA pay sits

Enter a base salary to see its percentile among DBA and data engineer filings, the data engineer median at your wage level, and your pay with the 10.1% premium that data engineers earn over DBAs at the same employer and level.

Where does your DBA pay sit, and what would a data engineer offer look like?

Percentile among DBA filings50th
Percentile among data engineer filingsn/a
Data engineer median at your leveln/a
Your pay plus the same-employer premiumn/a

Percentiles use DBA filings with EY excluded and all data engineer filings, July 2025 to June 2026.

Which DBAs out-earn the typical data engineer

24% of DBA filings offered more than the $125,000 data engineer median. The platform in the title separates them. Among named platforms with at least 10 filings, the highest median was $124,788 for DB2, Sybase, Teradata, SAP titles (10 filings) and the lowest $101,617 for SQL Server (80 filings). Oracle is the platform most often named, on 132 filings with a median of $104,666. No platform group reaches the data engineer median. Most DBA titles (1,368) name no platform; their median is $101,234. SQL Server DBAs should also track Microsoft’s support dates; our SQL Server end of life tracker lists them by version.

$70K$90K$110K$130K$150KData engineer median $125KDB2, Sybase, Teradata, SAPDB2, Sybase, Teradata, SAP: $124,788 median, 10 DBA filings$125K (10)Cloud (AWS, Azure, GCP, cloud)Cloud (AWS, Azure, GCP, cloud): $112,249 median, 20 DBA filings$112K (20)OracleOracle: $104,666 median, 132 DBA filings$105K (132)PostgreSQL or MySQLPostgreSQL or MySQL: $102,950 median, 10 DBA filings$103K (10)SQL ServerSQL Server: $101,617 median, 80 DBA filings$102K (80)No platform namedNo platform named: $101,234 median, 1,368 DBA filings$101K (1,368)
DBA median offered wage by platform named in the job title (EY excluded, groups with 10 or more filings; filing count in brackets). Dashed line: data engineer median.
DBA filings (EY excluded) by the database platform named in the job title, year ending June 2026, first match in the order listed in the methodology.
Platform in title DBA filings DBA median vs data engineer median
DB2, Sybase, Teradata, SAP 10 $124,788 -$212
Cloud (AWS, Azure, GCP, cloud) 20 $112,249 -$12,751
Oracle 132 $104,666 -$20,334
PostgreSQL or MySQL 10 $102,950 -$22,050
SQL Server 80 $101,617 -$23,383
No platform named 1,368 $101,234 -$23,766

Database engineer vs data engineer salary

Indeed’s comparison page, the second result for this query, treats database engineer as another name for data engineer. On the filings the two titles are close: database engineer titles had a median of $122,012 on 368 filings, $2,988 below data engineers and $20,778 above DBAs. They are a small group, 368 filings against 8,904 for data engineer.

DBA vs data engineer salary by state

BLS publishes a DBA median for every state, which makes it the better source for a state comparison. Utah has the highest at $135,750 and Maine the lowest at $70,500. Only 29 states had at least 10 H-1B filings for both titles once EY is excluded. Texas had the most DBA filings (393), with a DBA median of $95,805 against $113,547 for data engineers. Among those 29 states the data engineer lead was widest in Washington ($54,307). In 5 of them the DBA median was higher: Florida ($115,488 vs $111,613), Ohio ($111,108 vs $110,160), Colorado ($117,500 vs $115,357), Utah ($139,740 vs $128,669), Kentucky ($100,000 vs $97,000).

All 50 states and DC. BLS OEWS May 2025 medians for the two database codes; H-1B medians (EY excluded) where a state had at least 10 filings for the title, July 2025 to June 2026. Sorted by the BLS DBA median.
State BLS DBA median BLS DBA jobs BLS database architect median H-1B DBA median H-1B data engineer median
Utah $135,750 1,200 $131,740 $139,74017 $128,66943
Massachusetts $129,300 2,310 $161,650 $102,92932 $132,000232
New Jersey $125,860 1,810 $120,790 $101,50084 $118,102412
Maryland $124,300 2,300 $132,940 $100,11026 $115,93981
District of Columbia $118,540 560 $150,010 $97,37212 $116,97022
Colorado $118,340 1,220 $154,560 $117,50017 $115,35771
Washington $118,140 1,730 $128,760 $100,69338 $155,000682
Tennessee $115,500 2,020 $115,170 $106,55831 $114,566113
Texas $114,400 6,430 $151,370 $95,805393 $113,5472,234
North Carolina $113,900 1,920 $134,630 $117,03276 $121,263539
California $113,060 7,240 $170,160 $117,874143 $170,0001,102
Nevada $109,670 380 $140,200 $104,06918 $112,92534
Alaska $108,810 90 $112,500 n/a n/a
Connecticut $108,270 810 $144,460 $88,28616 $126,942121
Georgia $106,810 2,460 $139,500 $91,062123 $117,440353
Rhode Island $106,020 280 $140,320 $109,55011 $127,40043
New York $105,900 3,590 $141,350 $104,00057 $145,450364
Illinois $104,650 2,340 $142,500 $86,40053 $120,779364
Arizona $104,280 1,120 $156,100 $95,00029 $115,710199
Vermont $104,230 120 n/a n/a n/a
Florida $104,120 3,810 $138,320 $115,48864 $111,613255
Iowa $101,210 360 $124,040 n/a $110,00023
Delaware $100,910 670 $147,800 n/a $109,84533
Minnesota $100,700 1,020 $133,050 $102,35712 $110,02566
Missouri $100,270 1,140 $110,570 $95,00020 $101,00092
Oregon $100,260 1,060 $138,250 n/a $127,87839
Kansas $100,170 440 $129,990 n/a $111,71744
Pennsylvania $100,110 2,450 n/a $100,55050 $110,000198
Nebraska $100,020 610 $134,320 n/a $118,16535
Wisconsin $100,020 1,220 $137,810 $117,00024 $125,90256
Michigan $99,830 1,150 $131,000 $98,61139 $104,404194
New Mexico $98,450 570 $117,950 n/a $114,16510
Louisiana $98,270 290 n/a n/a $105,89315
Ohio $97,190 1,860 $132,910 $111,10844 $110,160201
Oklahoma $95,320 790 $110,110 n/a $102,50012
Alabama $93,900 1,840 $105,450 n/a $109,49125
South Carolina $93,640 990 $130,000 $96,72022 $117,00035
Virginia $93,320 5,940 $160,360 $100,00062 $120,000291
New Hampshire $92,110 250 $139,990 n/a $125,02939
Indiana $90,090 930 $132,830 $85,77927 $96,01348
Mississippi $87,790 200 $98,420 n/a n/a
Kentucky $87,390 650 $125,400 $100,00011 $97,00033
Idaho $85,660 180 $121,380 n/a n/a
Hawaii $85,500 100 $134,040 n/a n/a
Montana $83,120 300 $109,990 n/a n/a
South Dakota $82,540 170 $136,540 n/a n/a
Arkansas $82,480 420 $104,070 n/a $125,569126
Wyoming $82,480 100 n/a n/a n/a
North Dakota $78,730 80 $109,430 n/a n/a
West Virginia $73,490 240 n/a n/a n/a
Maine $70,500 260 $133,120 n/a n/a

Can a DBA become a data engineer?

Inside one employer the two jobs pay closer than the national medians suggest. 31 employers filed at least three times for each title in the year ending June 2026; at 14 of them the data engineer median was higher and at 17 the DBA median was higher, with a median employer gap of $457 in the DBA’s favor. Matched on employer alone, data engineers get 4.4% more; matched on employer and wage level, 10.1%, because these employers file their DBAs at higher levels than their data engineers. A DBA who moves into a data engineer job at the same level is the 10% case. Employers also reach for database codes when they classify data engineers: 16.9% of data engineer filings carry 15-1243 Database Architects and 5.6% carry 15-1242 Database Administrators, next to 39.1% under 15-2051 Data Scientists and 32.0% under 15-1252 Software Developers. The move from data analyst is the other common route; our data engineer vs data analyst salary comparison measures that gap on the same filings.

Employers with at least three filings for each title, the 10 with the most DBA filings, year ending June 2026.
Employer DBA Data engineer Gap
Compunnel $103,00041 $123,94256 +$20,942
Fidelity $127,98424 $125,119181 -$2,866
Mphasis $130,00020 $128,0008 -$2,000
Randstad Digital $138,96515 $135,00037 -$3,965
Capgemini $120,00011 $119,80022 -$200
Infinite Computer Solutions $98,13410 $115,00033 +$16,866
Mastech Digital Technologies $115,9397 $114,20220 -$1,736
Beaconfire Staffing Solutions $84,4487 $100,3084 +$15,860
System Soft Technologies $111,0007 $91,7504 -$19,250
Virtusa $121,0046 $120,5475 -$457

Will AI replace DBAs?

No federal source makes that forecast. What BLS does publish is its employment projection for 2025 to 2035. Database administrator jobs are projected to go from 75.0 thousand to 74.9 thousand (-0.1%), while database architects grow 9.4% and data scientists, the code on 39% of data engineer filings, grow 34.6%. BLS still projects 3.3 thousand DBA openings a year, mostly to replace people who leave the occupation. The Occupational Outlook Handbook combines the two database codes: 144,500 jobs, 4% growth, and about 7,300 openings a year.

-5%+0%+5%+10%+15%+20%+25%+30%+35%+40%Database administrators (15-1242)Database administrators (15-1242): -0.1% projected, 2025 to 2035-0.1%Database architects (15-1243)Database architects (15-1243): +9.4% projected, 2025 to 2035+9.4%Software developers (15-1252)Software developers (15-1252): +10.2% projected, 2025 to 2035+10.2%Data scientists (15-2051)Data scientists (15-2051): +34.6% projected, 2025 to 2035+34.6%All occupationsAll occupations: +3.5% projected, 2025 to 2035+3.5%
BLS projected employment change, 2025 to 2035 (Employment Projections Table 1.2).

Data analyst vs database administrator salary

DBAs out-earn data analysts on the filings: $101,235 against $96,500 on 4,307 data analyst filings, a $4,735 gap. The ladder for the three titles in one window runs data analyst $96,500, DBA $101,235, data engineer $125,000. For the data scientist code that employers put on most data analyst and data engineer filings, see our data scientist salary report.

What this means for MSPs and IT teams

  • Quote DBA cost from BLS, not from H-1B averages. The BLS median ($104,620) and the H-1B median without EY ($101,235) agree within $3,385. The all-employer H-1B figure ($117,980) does not, because of one employer’s filings.
  • Budget a data engineer seat about 10% above a DBA at the same level. The raw gap of $23,765 (23%) mixes in level and employer; inside the same employer and level it is 10.1%.
  • Cloud DBA titles price higher. Cloud DBA titles had a median of $112,249 on 20 filings, $11,015 above DBA titles that name no platform, though the group is small.
  • Plan for a flat DBA headcount. BLS projects -0.1% for database administrators to 2035 and +9.4% for database architects, so retraining a DBA toward pipeline or architecture work follows the projected growth.
  • Level II is where most hires land. At Level II the medians are $95,035 for DBAs and $112,923 for data engineers.

Frequently asked questions

Who earns more, a database administrator or a data engineer?

Data engineers. On certified H-1B filings decided July 2025 to June 2026 the median offered base wage was $125,000 for data engineers and $101,235 for database administrators (EY excluded), a $23,765 gap. At the same employer and wage level the premium is 10%.

Do database administrators make good money?

Yes by national standards: the BLS OEWS May 2025 median for database administrators is $104,620, against $109,280 for all computer and mathematical occupations and $50,980 for all occupations. The top 10% of DBAs earn more than $163,320.

Can a DBA become a data engineer?

Many employers already treat the jobs as neighbors: 23% of data engineer filings carry one of the two BLS database codes, and 31 employers filed at least three times for each title. The typical pay step is 10% at the same employer and level, or $17,888 at Level II.

Will AI replace DBAs?

BLS does not forecast that. Its 2025 to 2035 projections put database administrator employment at 75.0 thousand in 2025 and 74.9 thousand in 2035 (-0.1%), with 3.3 thousand openings a year, mostly from people leaving the job. Database architects are projected to grow 9.4%.

Which is better, DBA or data analyst?

On pay, the DBA. DBA filings (EY excluded) had a median of $101,235 against $96,500 for data analyst filings, a $4,735 difference, in the same July 2025 to June 2026 window.

What is the database engineer vs data engineer salary?

Close. Titles saying database engineer had a median of $122,012 on 368 filings, $2,988 below the $125,000 data engineer median. Indeed’s comparison page treats database engineer as another name for data engineer.

Download the data. database-administrator-vs-data-engineer-salary.csv (CSV). Licensed under CC BY 4.0: free to reuse with attribution to The Uptime Report.

Free to cite and republish with a link. The CSV is the aggregate table behind this page: national, EY split, wage level, platform, state (BLS and H-1B), employer, year and BLS projection lines, with counts and medians. No individual filings.

Methodology

H-1B source. U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Foreign Labor Certification, LCA Disclosure Data, quarterly files FY2021 Q1 to FY2026 Q3, already on disk from earlier reports and reused, not downloaded again. On November 13, 2026 the OFLC performance page still listed FY2026 Q3 (decisions through June 30, 2026) as the newest file.

Filter. H-1B visa class, case status Certified, full-time position, one row per case number. Window: decision date July 1, 2025 to June 30, 2026. Wage: WAGE_RATE_OF_PAY_FROM, annualized (hour x 2,080, week x 52, bi-weekly x 26, month x 12), kept between $20,000 and $1,000,000.

Title rules. Titles upper-cased, spaces collapsed. Database administrator: \b(?:DATABASE ADMINI?S?T?RATORS?|DATABASE ADMIN|DB ADMINI?STRATORS?|DBAS?)\b, excluding titles that also say architect, engineer, developer, analyst, scientist or programmer. Data engineer: \bDATA ENGINEERS?\b, excluding sales, recruiter, architect, scientist and analyst, the same rule as our data engineer pages. Database engineer: \bDATABASE ENGINEERS?\b without architect, admin or DBA. Data analyst: \bDATA ANALYSTS?\b without engineer, scientist or architect. All four exclude managers, directors, heads, chiefs, vice presidents and interns. Platform groups are matched in this order: cloud, Oracle, SQL Server, PostgreSQL or MySQL, NoSQL, DB2/Sybase/Teradata/SAP; groups under 10 filings (NoSQL, 5 filings) are left out of the chart.

EY. Employer names are merged with the parent list shared by our LCA reports; EY covers the legal name Ernst and Young U.S. LLP. It is excluded from DBA figures because it filed 45% of DBA filings with a single SOC-title job title; both versions are in the table and CSV.

Precision. The AI research agent that built this page read 100 random DBA titles from the window (seed 20261113, EY included). 100 name a database administrator job. No human reviewed the labels. Recall was not measured: DBAs titled systems engineer or database specialist fall outside the rule.

Gaps. Dollar gaps are differences of medians. Percent premiums are the average log-wage difference between the titles inside cells of the listed controls (employer, wage level, metro), using only cells that hold both titles, with standard errors clustered by employer. Same wage level only, EY excluded: 21.8%. Same wage level and metro, EY excluded: 17.0% on 9,452 filings. These describe the filings and do not explain the gap.

BLS. OEWS May 2025 national and state estimates (the OEWS tables page, checked November 13, 2026, lists May 2025 as the newest release). Employment Projections Table 1.2, 2025 to 2035, and the Occupational Outlook Handbook page for database administrators and architects, both read November 13, 2026.

Limits. H-1B positions are a subset of each job market, and the wage has a legal floor (the higher of the prevailing or actual wage). Base wage only: no bonus, equity or benefits. A certified filing is an offer, not a wage paid. The employer chooses the wage level and SOC code. Not advice: these are labor market statistics, not a compensation recommendation.

Cite as: The Uptime Report. "Database Administrator vs Data Engineer Salary: Data Engineers Earn $23,765 More." November 2026. https://theuptimereport.com/database-administrator-vs-data-engineer-salary/

References

  1. U.S. Department of Labor, OFLC Performance Data: LCA Disclosure Data FY2021 to FY2026 Q3, with record layout. Accessed November 2026.
  2. U.S. Department of Labor, Prevailing Wage Determination Policy Guidance (revised November 2009). Accessed November 2026.
  3. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS tables, May 2025 national and state estimates. Accessed November 2026.
  4. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections Table 1.2, Occupational projections 2025 to 2035. Accessed November 2026.
  5. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook: Database Administrators and Architects. Accessed November 2026.
  6. Indeed Career Guide, Database engineer vs. database administrator (updated June 16, 2026). Accessed November 2026.

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